Lattice Semiconductor
Figure 5. Internal Architecture of the Viterbi Decoder
Viterbi Decoder User’s Guide
BER
BER
din
BMU
ACS
TBU
dout
MMU
MEM
Branch Metric Unit (BMU)
The BMU receives input data from the channel and computes a metric for each state and input combination. The
metric is the Hamming distance for hard-decision encoded data, or l1 norm (sum of absolute values) for soft-deci-
sion encoded data.
Add, Compare and Select (ACS) Unit
The ACS unit adds the current metric to the accumulated metric for each path and determines the least metric for
each state of the trellis. The ACS retrieves the accumulated metric from the register ?les, then adds the current
metric. The result is stored back in the register ?les. The ACS unit also writes the survivor trellis path (the previous
state information) in memory.
Trace Back Unit (TBU)
The traceback unit traces back the trellis after a block of data (determined by the trace back length) has been pro-
cessed by the ACS. First, the TBU establishes an optimal path by starting from the node of minimum metric and
traces back the path in the trellis all the way to the beginning of the trellis tree. Then, the original data correspond-
ing to the encoded data is determined.
Memory (MEM)
The memory stores the accumulated metric and the previous state information (trace-back information).
Memory Management Unit (MMU)
The MMU generates addresses and read/write signals for the memory during different phases of operation.
Bit Error Rate (BER) Monitor
This optional module is used to estimate the bit error rate of the channel. The bit error rate is estimated by encoding
the decoded output symbols using the same generator polynomials, then comparing them with the delayed input to
the Viterbi decoder. Assuming that the error in decoding is zero or negligible, the error determined by BER is equal
to the channel error.
Signal Descriptions
The top-level representation of the Viterbi Decoder is shown in Figure 6. Table 1 contains the signal description.
Timing diagrams for the signals are shown in the Timing Diagram section.
4
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